LaTeX
如何插入公式
LaTeX 的数学公式有两种:行中公式和独立公式(行间公式)。行中公式放在文中与其它文字混编,独立公式单独成行。
行中公式可以用如下方法表示:
$ 数学公式 $
独立公式可以用如下方法表示:
$$ 数学公式 $$
函数、符号及特殊字符
声调 / 变音符号
\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}
\(\dot{a}, \ddot{a}, \acute{a}, \grave{a}\)
\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}
\(\check{a}, \breve{a}, \tilde{a}, \bar{a}\)
\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}
\(\hat{a}, \widehat{a}, \vec{a}\)
标准函数
指数
\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m
\(\exp_a b = a^b, \exp b = e^b, 10^m\)
对数
\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f
\(\ln c, \lg d = \log e, \log_{10} f\)
三角函数
\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f
\(\sin a, \cos b, \tan c, \cot d, \sec e, \csc f\)
\arcsin a, \arccos b, \arctan c
\(\arcsin a, \arccos b, \arctan c\)
\sinh a, \cosh b, \tanh c, \coth d
\(\sinh a, \cosh b, \tanh c, \coth d\)
\operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n
\(\operatorname{sh}k, \operatorname{ch}l, \operatorname{th}m, \operatorname{coth}n\)
\operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q
\(\operatorname{argsh}o, \operatorname{argch}p, \operatorname{argth}q\)
最大值,最小值
\min(x,y), \max(x,y)
\(\min(x,y), \max(x,y)\)
界限,极限
\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t
\(\min x, \max y, \inf s, \sup t\)
\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w
\(\lim u, \liminf v, \limsup w\)
\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{n(n+1)}
\(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1}{n(n+1)}\)
\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi
\(\dim p, \deg q, \det m, \ker\phi\)
投射
\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z
\(\Pr j, \hom l, \lVert z \rVert, \arg z\)
微分及导数
dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi
\(dt, \mathrm{d}t, \partial t, \nabla\psi\)
dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}, \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y
\(dy/dx, \mathrm{d}y/\mathrm{d}x, \frac{dy}{dx}, \frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x}, \frac{\partial^2}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}y\)
\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y
\(\prime, \backprime, f^\prime, f', f'', f^{(3)}, \dot y, \ddot y\)
类字母符号及常数
\infty, \aleph, \complement, \backepsilon, \eth, \Finv, \hbar
∞,ℵ,∁,∍,ð,Ⅎ,ℏ
\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS
\(\Im, \imath, \jmath, \Bbbk, \ell, \mho, \wp, \Re, \circledS\)
模运算
s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}
\(s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}\)
a \bmod b
\(a \bmod b\)
\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)
\(\gcd(m, n), \operatorname{lcm}(m, n)\)
\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid
\(\mid, \nmid, \shortmid, \nshortmid\)
根号
\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}
\(\surd, \sqrt{2}, \sqrt[n]{}, \sqrt[3]{\frac{x^3+y^3}{2}}\)
运算符
+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus
\(+, -, \pm, \mp, \dotplus\)
\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash
\(\times, \div, \divideontimes, /, \backslash\)
\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet
\(\cdot, * \ast, \star, \circ, \bullet\)
\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot
\(\boxplus, \boxminus, \boxtimes, \boxdot\)
\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot
\(\oplus, \ominus, \otimes, \oslash, \odot\)
\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast
\(\circleddash, \circledcirc, \circledast\)
\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot
\(\bigoplus, \bigotimes, \bigodot\)
集合
\{ \}, \empty \emptyset, \varnothing
\(\{ \}, \empty \emptyset, \varnothing\)
\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni
\(\in, \notin \not\in, \ni, \not\ni\)
\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap
\(\cap, \Cap, \sqcap, \bigcap\)
\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus
\(\cup, \Cup, \sqcup, \bigcup, \bigsqcup, \uplus, \biguplus\)
\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times
\(\setminus, \smallsetminus, \times\)
\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset
\(\subset, \Subset, \sqsubset\)
\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset
\(\supset, \Supset, \sqsupset\)
\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq
\(\subseteq, \nsubseteq, \subsetneq, \varsubsetneq, \sqsubseteq\)
\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq
\(\supseteq, \nsupseteq, \supsetneq, \varsupsetneq, \sqsupseteq\)
\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq
\(\subseteqq, \nsubseteqq, \subsetneqq, \varsubsetneqq\)
\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq
\(\supseteqq, \nsupseteqq, \supsetneqq, \varsupsetneqq\)
关系符号
=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv
\(=, \ne, \neq, \equiv, \not\equiv\)
\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=
\(\doteq, \doteqdot, \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}, :=\)
\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong
\(\sim, \nsim, \backsim, \thicksim, \simeq, \backsimeq, \eqsim, \cong, \ncong\)
\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto
\(\approx, \thickapprox, \approxeq, \asymp, \propto, \varpropto\)
<, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot
\(<, \nless, \ll, \not\ll, \lll, \not\lll, \lessdot\)
>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot
\(>, \ngtr, \gg, \not\gg, \ggg, \not\ggg, \gtrdot\)
\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq
\(\le, \leq, \lneq, \leqq, \nleq, \nleqq, \lneqq, \lvertneqq\)
\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq
\(\ge, \geq, \gneq, \geqq, \ngeq, \ngeqq, \gneqq, \gvertneqq\)
\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless
\(\lessgtr, \lesseqgtr, \lesseqqgtr, \gtrless, \gtreqless, \gtreqqless\)
\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless
\(\leqslant, \nleqslant, \eqslantless\)
\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr
\(\geqslant, \ngeqslant, \eqslantgtr\)
\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox
\(\lesssim, \lnsim, \lessapprox, \lnapprox\)
\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox
\(\gtrsim, \gnsim, \gtrapprox, \gnapprox\)
\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq
\(\prec, \nprec, \preceq, \npreceq, \precneqq\)
\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq
\(\succ, \nsucc, \succeq, \nsucceq, \succneqq\)
\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec
\(\preccurlyeq, \curlyeqprec\)
\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc
\(\succcurlyeq, \curlyeqsucc\)
\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox
\(\precsim, \precnsim, \precapprox, \precnapprox\)
\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox
\(\succsim, \succnsim, \succapprox, \succnapprox\)
几何符号
\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel
\(\parallel, \nparallel, \shortparallel, \nshortparallel\)
\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ
\(\perp, \angle, \sphericalangle, \measuredangle, 45^\circ\)
\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar
\(\Box, \blacksquare, \diamond, \Diamond \lozenge, \blacklozenge, \bigstar\)
\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown
\(\bigcirc, \triangle, \bigtriangleup, \bigtriangledown\)
\vartriangle, \triangledown
\(\vartriangle, \triangledown\)
\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright
\(\blacktriangle, \blacktriangledown, \blacktriangleleft, \blacktriangleright\)
逻辑符号
\forall, \exists, \nexists
\(\forall, \exists, \nexists\)
\therefore, \because, \And
\(\therefore, \because, \And\)
\vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee
\(\vee, \curlyvee, \bigvee\)
\land, \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge
\(\land, \wedge, \curlywedge, \bigwedge\)
\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc},
\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top
\(\bar{q}, \bar{abc}, \overline{q}, \overline{abc},\)
\(\lnot \neg, \not\operatorname{R}, \bot, \top\)
\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models
\(\vdash \dashv, \vDash, \Vdash, \models\)
\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash
\(\Vvdash \nvdash \nVdash \nvDash \nVDash\)
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner
\(\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner\)
箭头
\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow
\(\Rrightarrow, \Lleftarrow\)
\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies
\(\Rightarrow, \nRightarrow, \Longrightarrow \implies\)
\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow
\(\Leftarrow, \nLeftarrow, \Longleftarrow\)
\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff
\(\Leftrightarrow, \nLeftrightarrow, \Longleftrightarrow \iff\)
\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow
\(\Uparrow, \Downarrow, \Updownarrow\)
\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow
\(\rightarrow \to, \nrightarrow, \longrightarrow\)
\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow
\(\leftarrow \gets, \nleftarrow, \longleftarrow\)
\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow
\(\leftrightarrow, \nleftrightarrow, \longleftrightarrow\)
\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow
\(\uparrow, \downarrow, \updownarrow\)
\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow
\(\nearrow, \swarrow, \nwarrow, \searrow\)
\mapsto, \longmapsto
\(\mapsto, \longmapsto\)
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons
\(\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons\)
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright
\(\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \rightarrowtail \looparrowright\)
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft
\(\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft\)
\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow
\(\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow \twoheadrightarrow \twoheadleftarrow\)
特殊符号
省略号:数学公式中常见的省略号有两种,\ldots
表示与文本底线对齐的省略号,\cdots
表示与文本中线对齐的省略号。
\amalg \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots
\(\amalg \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots\)
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright
\(\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright\)
\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp
\(\diamondsuit, \heartsuit, \clubsuit, \spadesuit, \Game, \flat, \natural, \sharp\)
未分类
\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes
\(\diagup \diagdown \centerdot \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes \rightthreetimes\)
\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq
\(\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \bumpeq \Bumpeq \doteqdot \risingdotseq \fallingdotseq\)
\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork
\(\intercal \barwedge \veebar \doublebarwedge \between \pitchfork\)
\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright
\(\vartriangleleft \ntriangleleft \vartriangleright \ntriangleright\)
\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq
\(\trianglelefteq \ntrianglelefteq \trianglerighteq \ntrianglerighteq\)
上标、下标及积分等
功能|语法|效果
^
表示上标, _
表示下标。如果上下标的内容多于一个字符,需要用 {}
将这些内容括成一个整体。上下标可以嵌套,也可以同时使用。
上标
a^2
\(a^2\)
下标
a_2
\(a_2\)
组合
a^{2+2}
\(a^{2+2}\)
a_{i,j}
\(a_{i,j}\)
结合上下标
x_2^3
\(x_2^3\)
前置上下标
{}_1^2\!X_3^4
\({}_1^2\!X_3^4\)
导数
x'
\(x'\)
导数
x^\prime
\(x\prime\)
导数点
\dot{x}
\(\dot{x}\)
\ddot{y}
\(\ddot{y}\)
向量
\vec{c}
(只有一个字母)
\(\vec{c}\)
\overleftarrow{a b}
\(\overleftarrow{a b}\)
\overrightarrow{c d}
\(\overrightarrow{c d}\)
\overleftrightarrow{a b}
\(\overleftrightarrow{a b}\)
\widehat{e f g}
\(\widehat{e f g}\)
上弧
(注: 正确应该用 \overarc,但在这里行不通。要用建议的语法作为解决办法。)(使用 overarc 时需要引入 {arcs} 包。)
\overset{\frown} {AB}
\(\overset{\frown} {AB}\)
上划线
\overline{h i j}
\(\overline{h i j}\)
下划线
\underline{k l m}
\(\underline{k l m}\)
上括号
\overbrace{1+2+\cdots+100}
\(\overbrace{1+2+\cdots+100}\)
\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} 5050 \\ \overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 } \end{matrix}\)
下括号
\underbrace{a+b+\cdots+z}
\(\underbrace{a+b+\cdots+z}\)
\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} \underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z } \\ 26 \end{matrix}\)
求和(累加)
\sum_{k=1}^N k^2
\(\sum_{k=1}^N k^2\)
\begin{matrix} \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} \sum_{k=1}^N k^2 \end{matrix}\)
求积(累乘)
\prod_{i=1}^N x_i
\(\prod_{i=1}^N x_i\)
\begin{matrix} \prod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} \prod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}\)
上积
\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i
\(\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i\)
\begin{matrix} \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i \end{matrix}\)
极限
\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n
\(\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n\)
\begin{matrix} \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n \end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n \end{matrix}\)
积分
\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, {\rm d}x
\(\int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, {\rm d}x\)
本例中 \
, 和 {\rm d}
部分可省略,但建议加入,能使式子更美观。{\rm d}
可以用 \mathrm{d}
等价替换。
\begin{matrix} \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, \mathrm{d}x \end{matrix}
(矩阵中积分符号变小)
\(\begin{matrix} \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, \mathrm{d}x \end{matrix}\)
双重积分
\iint_{D}^{W} \, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y
\(\iint_{D}^{W} \, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y\)
三重积分
\iiint_{E}^{V} \, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y\,\mathrm{d}z
\(\iiint_{E}^{V} \, \mathrm{d}x\,\mathrm{d}y\,\mathrm{d}z\)
闭合的曲线、曲面积分
\oint_{C} x^3\, \mathrm{d}x + 4y^2\, \mathrm{d}y
\(\oint_{C} x^3\, \mathrm{d}x + 4y^2\, \mathrm{d}y\)
交集
\bigcap_1^{n} p
\(\bigcap_1^{n} p\)
并集
\bigcup_1^{k} p
\(\bigcup_1^{k} p\)
分数
通常使用 \frac {分子} {分母}
命令产生一个分数,分数可嵌套。
便捷情况可直接输入 \frac ab
来快速生成一个 \(\frac ab\) 。
如果分式很复杂,亦可使用 分子 \over 分母
命令,此时分数仅有一层。
功能|语法|效果
分数
\frac{2}{4} = 0.5
\(\frac{2}{4}=0.5\)
小型分数
\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5
\(\tfrac{2}{4} = 0.5\)
连分式(大型嵌套分式)
\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a
\(\cfrac{2}{c + \cfrac{2}{d + \cfrac{2}{4}}} = a\)
大型不嵌套分式
\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a
\(\dfrac{2}{4} = 0.5 \qquad \dfrac{2}{c + \dfrac{2}{d + \dfrac{2}{4}}} = a\)
二项式系数
\dbinom{n}{r}=\binom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}
\(\dbinom{n}{r}=\binom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}\)
小型二项式系数
\tbinom{n}{r}=\tbinom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}
\(\tbinom{n}{r}=\tbinom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}\)
大型二项式系数
\binom{n}{r}=\dbinom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}
\(\binom{n}{r}=\dbinom{n}{n-r}=\mathrm{C}_n^r=\mathrm{C}_n^{n-r}\)
在以 \(e\) 为底的指数函数、极限和积分中尽量不要使用 \frac
符号:它会使整段函数看起来很怪,而且可能产生歧义。也正是因此它在专业数学排版中几乎从不出现。
横着写这些分式,中间使用斜线间隔 /
(用斜线代替分数线)。
例子:
\begin{array}{cc}
\mathrm{Bad} & \mathrm{Better} \\
\hline \\
e^{i\frac{\pi}2} \quad e^{\frac{i\pi}2}& e^{i\pi/2} \\
\int_{-\frac\pi2}^\frac\pi2 \sin x\,dx & \int_{-\pi/2}^{\pi/2}\sin x\,dx \\
\end{array}
显示:
矩阵、条件表达式、方程组
语法:
\begin{类型}
公式内容
\end{类型}
类型可以是:矩阵 matrix
pmatrix
bmatrix
Bmatrix
vmatrix
Vmatrix
、条件表达式 cases
、多行对齐方程式 aligned
、数组 array
。
在公式内容中:在每一行中插入 &
来指定需要对齐的内容,在每行结尾处使用 \\
换行。
无框矩阵
在开头使用 begin{matrix}
,在结尾使用 end{matrix}
,在中间插入矩阵元素,每个元素之间插入 &
,并在每行结尾处使用 \\
。
\begin{matrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{matrix}
\(\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}\)
有框矩阵
在开头将 matrix
替换为 pmatrix
bmatrix
Bmatrix
vmatrix
Vmatrix
。
\begin{vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{vmatrix}
\(\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}\)
\begin{Vmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Vmatrix}
\(\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}\)
使用 \cdots
⋯ , \ddots
⋱ , \vdots
⋮ 来输入省略符号。
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & \cdots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & \cdots & 0
\end{bmatrix}
\(\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}\)
\begin{Bmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{Bmatrix}
\(\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}\)
\begin{pmatrix}
x & y \\
z & v
\end{pmatrix}
\(\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}\)
条件表达式
f(n) =
\begin{cases}
n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\
3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd}
\end{cases}
\(f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \text{if }n\text{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \text{if }n\text{ is odd} \end{cases}\)
多行等式、同余式
人们经常想要一列整齐且居中的方程式序列。使用 \begin{aligned}…\end{aligned}
。
\begin{aligned}
f(x) & = (m+n)^2 \\
& = m^2+2mn+n^2 \\
\end{aligned}
\(\begin{aligned} f(x) & = (m+n)^2 \\ & = m^2+2mn+n^2 \\ \end{aligned}\)
\begin{aligned}
3^{6n+3}+4^{6n+3}
& \equiv (3^3)^{2n+1}+(4^3)^{2n+1}\\
& \equiv 27^{2n+1}+64^{2n+1}\\
& \equiv 27^{2n+1}+(-27)^{2n+1}\\
& \equiv 27^{2n+1}-27^{2n+1}\\
& \equiv 0 \pmod{91}\\
\end{aligned}
\(\begin{aligned} 3^{6n+3}+4^{6n+3} & \equiv (3^3)^{2n+1}+(4^3)^{2n+1}\\ & \equiv 27^{2n+1}+64^{2n+1}\\ & \equiv 27^{2n+1}+(-27)^{2n+1}\\ & \equiv 27^{2n+1}-27^{2n+1}\\ & \equiv 0 \pmod{91}\\ \end{aligned}\)
\begin{alignedat}{3}
f(x) & = (m-n)^2 \\
f(x) & = (-m+n)^2 \\
& = m^2-2mn+n^2 \\
\end{alignedat}
\(\begin{alignedat}{3} f(x) & = (m-n)^2 \\ f(x) & = (-m+n)^2 \\ & = m^2-2mn+n^2 \\ \end{alignedat}\)
方程组
\begin{cases}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{cases}
\(\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{cases}\)
或
\left\{\begin{aligned}
3x + 5y + z \\
7x - 2y + 4z \\
-6x + 3y + 2z
\end{aligned}\right.
\(\left\{\begin{aligned} 3x + 5y + z \\ 7x - 2y + 4z \\ -6x + 3y + 2z \end{aligned}\right.\)
数组与表格
通常,一个格式化后的表格比单纯的文字或排版后的文字更具有可读性。数组和表格均以 \begin{array}
开头,并在其后定义列数及每一列的文本对齐属性,c
l
r
分别代表居中、左对齐及右对齐。若需要插入垂直分割线,在定义式中插入 |
,若要插入水平分割线,在下一行输入前插入 \hline
。与矩阵相似,每行元素间均须要插入 &
,每行元素以 \\
结尾,最后以 \end{array}
结束数组。
- 例子:
\begin{array}{c|lcr}
n & \text{左对齐} & \text{居中对齐} & \text{右对齐} \\
\hline
1 & 0.24 & 1 & 125 \\
2 & -1 & 189 & -8 \\
3 & -20 & 2000 & 1+10i
\end{array}
- 显示:
\(\begin{array}{c|lcr} n & \text{左对齐} & \text{居中对齐} & \text{右对齐} \\ \hline 1 & 0.24 & 1 & 125 \\ 2 & -1 & 189 & -8 \\ 3 & -20 & 2000 & 1+10i \end{array}\)
- 例子:
\begin{array}{lcl}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}
- 显示:
\(\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}\)
- 例子:
\begin{array}{lcr}
z & = & a \\
f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z
\end{array}
- 显示:
\(\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}\)
- 例子:
\begin{array}{ccc}
a & b & S \\
\hline
0&0&1\\
0&1&1\\
1&0&1\\
1&1&0\\
\end{array}
- 显示:
\(\begin{array}{ccc} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0\\ \end{array}\)
嵌套数组或表格
多个数组/表格可 互相嵌套 并组成一组数组/一组表格。
使用嵌套前必须声明 $$
符号。
- 例子:
% outer vertical array of arrays 外层垂直表格
\begin{array}{c}
% inner horizontal array of arrays 内层水平表格
\begin{array}{cc}
% inner array of minimum values 内层"最小值"数组
\begin{array}{c|cccc}
\text{min} & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\
\hline
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\
1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1\\
2 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 2\\
3 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3
\end{array}
&
% inner array of maximum values 内层"最大值"数组
\begin{array}{c|cccc}
\text{max}&0&1&2&3\\
\hline
0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\
1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3\\
2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 3\\
3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3
\end{array}
\end{array}
% 内层第一行表格组结束
\\
% inner array of delta values 内层第二行Delta值数组
\begin{array}{c|cccc}
\Delta&0&1&2&3\\
\hline
0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\
1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2\\
2 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1\\
3 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0
\end{array}
% 内层第二行表格组结束
\end{array}
- 显示:
\(% outer vertical array of arrays 外层垂直表格 \begin{array}{c} % inner horizontal array of arrays 内层水平表格 \begin{array}{cc} % inner array of minimum values 内层"最小值"数组 \begin{array}{c|cccc} \text{min} & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\ \hline 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1\\ 2 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 2\\ 3 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3 \end{array} & % inner array of maximum values 内层"最大值"数组 \begin{array}{c|cccc} \text{max}&0&1&2&3\\ \hline 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 3\\ 2 & 2 & 2 & 2 & 3\\ 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 & 3 \end{array} \end{array} % 内层第一行表格组结束 \\ % inner array of delta values 内层第二行Delta值数组 \begin{array}{c|cccc} \Delta&0&1&2&3\\ \hline 0 & 0 & 1 & 2 & 3\\ 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 2\\ 2 & 2 & 1 & 0 & 1\\ 3 & 3 & 2 & 1 & 0 \end{array} % 内层第二行表格组结束 \end{array}\)
用数组实现带分割符号的矩阵
- 例子:
$$
\left[
\begin{array}{cc|c}
1&2&3\\
4&5&6
\end{array}
\right]
$$
显示:
其中 cc|c
代表在一个三列矩阵中的第二和第三列之间插入分割线。
字体
希腊字母
Note
对于部分希腊字母,例如 \Alpha
在预览时会生效但在网页上渲染会出现错误,因此这里的希腊字符写法参考 Greek letters 进行编辑,更多详情请参考 #39 LaTeX文档希腊字母大写显示有问题 。
输入 \小写希腊字母英文全称
和 \首字母大写希腊字母英文全称
来分别输入小写和大写希腊字母。
A B \Gamma \Delta E Z H \Theta
\(A B \Gamma \Delta E Z H \Theta\)
I K \Lambda M N \Xi O \Pi
\(I K \Lambda M N \Xi O \Pi\)
P \Sigma T \Upsilon \Phi X \Psi \Omega
\(P \Sigma T \Upsilon \Phi X \Psi \Omega\)
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta
\(\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta \eta \theta\)
\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \omicron \xi \pi
\(\iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \omicron \xi \pi\)
\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega
\(\rho \sigma \tau \upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega\)
部分字母有变量专用形式,以 \var-
开头。
\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi
\(\varepsilon \digamma \varkappa \varpi\)
\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi
\(\varrho \varsigma \vartheta \varphi\)
希伯来符号
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth
\(\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth\)
Note
该指南摘自 LaTeX公式手册 ,你可以点击链接来了解更多内容。